turkiye xem phim set kg che
【本文中英文版本均首发于观察者网，文/穆罕默德·埃姆雷·厄图尔克，译/观察者网 杨珈媛】
2月6日，土耳其安纳托利亚东南部发生了两次地震，分别是7.7级和7.6级的大地震。地震发生后，土耳其正在努力救援，与此同时，100多个国家向土耳其伸出了援助之手——派出搜救队和医疗队，提供设备支持等等。尽管做出了这些努力，在地震过去10天后，还是有超过35000人丧生。
我亲眼目睹了发生在该地区的灾难，这也帮助我获得了更多的信息。那么，震区究竟发生了什么？
震区倒塌的建筑（受访者供图）
当地震发生过去48小时，随着时间的推移，严重性逐渐凸显。由于我接受过搜救和急救方面的培训，我向土耳其灾害和应急管理部门（AFAD）提出申请，自愿要求前往该地区，但考虑到该部门当前的情况以及可能面临的大量申请，我决定自己想办法，尽快前往震区。
2月8日晚，我抵达阿达纳机场并去到应急部设置的救灾点。这次地震袭击了土耳其10个省，大多数灾区的机场跑道都无法使用，因此所有的援助和救援物流都是通过阿达纳机场进行转运的。尽管震区的混乱状态以及不时的拥堵状况与官僚主义有着不可忽视的关系，但救灾点的工作人员也正在努力向震区尽快送出物资。
为什么救灾不及时？
要回答这个问题有三个需要考虑的点：
第一，协调和规划。隶属于土耳其内政部的灾害和应急管理部门似乎没有完全执行他们的联合工作计划——未能在事件发生的第一天就深入灾区。
2020年1月24日，以埃拉泽的锡夫里杰地区为震中，发生了6.8级的地震。当时，综合灾害管理系统较为成功地应对了这次地震，在规划和准备过程中就对灾害作出了有力的反应。当时，它们预设了最坏情况，提前制定了相关计划，有效地开展了救灾和恢复工作。这次地震对各机构是一次考验，而这些机构快速反应、相互之间的良性协调以及应急计划的进行使得救灾工作顺利完成。
负责灾害管理和协调工作的AFAD对救灾系统进行了研究——该系统也被称为综合灾害管理系统，主要负责减灾工作，既关注灾后救援，也关注灾前准备。
土耳其地处地震带，过去曾发生过多次大型地震。2014年，土耳其开始实施灾害应对计划（TAMP），该计划需要确保灾害期间的信息流动，防止机构间协调的无能以及灾害管理不到位。该计划向土耳其28个工作组、8个部门、AFAD以及红新月会均分配了任务。
该计划还详细确定了参与救灾的工作组和协调单位的作用和职责，政府各部门和非政府组织都清楚地了解了在发生灾害时应该做什么。在土耳其灾害应对系统下设置了81个省级灾害应对计划以及工作组运作计划，这些计划涉及到28个全国性和26个省级应急服务机构。
然而，在涉及到以卡赫拉曼马拉什为中心的10个省、1400万人口的救援时，方案呈现出不足，这与该地区的条件和局势发展都密切相关。
关于伊斯肯德伦
我抵达伊斯肯德伦参加了实地搜救行动，这里与6个月前已大不相同。当我来到该区的北部，海军士兵训练团周围街区的建筑基本都倒了。向南部推进，那些地区受破坏的程度更甚。在灾害应对计划下，对周围城市的援助非常有限。
说到这里，有必要提一下第二个需要考虑的问题——物流。
众所周知，哈塔伊和伊斯肯德伦是邻近省份中受灾害影响最严重的地区，周边省份的援助规划为其他地区的后期行动铺平了道路。相较于北部面临的路面和航空问题，位于地中海东岸线以南的伊斯肯德伦得到了有限的海上援助——隶属土耳其海军的五艘军舰承担援助任务，它们与“TCG Bayraktar”号上建立的野战医院联合开展工作。
根据环境、城市化和气候变化部的初步调查结果，该地区有33143座建筑严重损坏。由于该地区的道路基础设施以及城际道路受到严重破坏，这些地区的陆地运输将受严重影响。
第三则是关于如何向这个建筑物损坏程度严重的地区派遣人道主义救援队。
志愿者和专业团队
土耳其民间搜救组织“AKUT”、“GEA”救援队以及地方政府的救援队应该是地震后第一批在该地区开始工作的队伍，虽然没办法派遣足够队伍到达33000多个坍塌的建筑物展开救援，但来自土耳其各地的志愿者队伍自行前往震区，到了第三天结束时，他们拯救了许多被困在倒塌建筑中的公民，发挥了巨大的作用。
“AKUT”救援队（受访者供图）
我在伊斯肯德伦参加的志愿者团队，由来自马尔丁的登山俱乐部和来自马纳夫加特的木匠工人组成。马尔丁登山俱乐部的成员曾参加过埃拉泽地震救援，他们在其他志愿者的帮助下迅速行动，从受损严重的建筑中救出了4人。
在伊斯肯德伦，来自梅尔辛、马尔丁和伊斯坦布尔的数千名志愿者与专业团队合作，治愈这所城市遭受的创伤。
另一方面，从我抵达伊斯肯德伦的第一天起，伊斯肯德伦海军新兵训练团的士兵、海岸警卫队司令部人员、宪兵司令部的突击队以及邻近省份派来的警察和特别行动人员，都与志愿者团队一起在废墟上努力救援。
来自外国的救援力量
来自80个国家或地区的搜救队也加入了在土耳其的救援，他们展现出了伟大的英雄主义。土耳其共和国外交部表示，当时有约9247名外国人员在土耳其震区救援，还有860人即将到达。
在伊斯肯德伦，与AKUT和GEA合作的瑞士救援队夜参与了大量的搜救工作，作出了巨大努力。
本着“两个国家，同个民族”的原则，阿塞拜疆是以最快速度向兄弟国家土耳其提供救援和物资的国家之一；邻国希腊的救援队在现场连续工作好几天，拯救了几十名土耳其公民的生命。
在这场灾难中，分歧被搁置，人性得到彰显。在亚美尼亚政府提出人道主义援助后，关闭多年的亚美尼亚-土耳其边境被打开，甚至亚美尼亚政府的援助也被送到了该地区。
在这些外援中，土耳其人民永远不会忘记的另一个重要国家是中华人民共和国。
由290名专家组成的中国团队来到土耳其，他们使用非常先进的设备，在阿德亚曼、卡赫拉曼马拉什和马拉蒂亚这几个受地震影响最严重的省份拯救了9条生命。中国团队带着土耳其人民的尊敬和爱戴离开，“我们与土耳其同在”这一深化友谊的口号将被载入史册。
中国救援队正在进行搜救工作（图源：新华社）
“团结的力量更强大”
只有在到达震区后才能理解地震的破坏性究竟有多大。土耳其和前来援助的外国朋友共同面对地震带来的破坏，团结的力量也是强大的。
如要在地震发生后做出快速反应，土耳其应该提早准备好更加周密的计划，演习和情景模拟也应该在地震发生前就进行。
我们的下一个任务应该是从这次灾难中吸取教训，为伊斯坦布尔未来可能发生的地震做准备。据公布，灾区10个省受地震影响的公民人数为1300万。要知道，伊斯坦布尔人口是2000万，大量受灾群众可能造成未来的混乱。
如果房屋建筑能够抵抗7级以上的地震，就不会出现像卡赫拉曼马拉什地震所造成的如此巨大的灾难风险。根据伊斯坦布尔市政府的报告，如果发生7.5级地震，将有超过26.3万座建筑倒塌。很显然，就算官方和志愿者救援队联合工作，及时拯救33000座倒塌建筑的伤者都是不可能的，假如263000座建筑倒塌，那更将是无能为力。不要忘记，土耳其位于地震带，密集的城市建设在活跃的断层线上，不合规的建筑物就是“杀人凶手”。
希望上帝怜悯所有在地震中丧生的人，祝愿所有灾民早日康复。
英文原文：
Türkiye is trying to heal its wounds after two 7.7 and 7.6 magnitude earthquakes in Southeastern Anatolia on February 6. After the earthquakes, more than 100 countries extended a helping hand, sending search and rescue teams, field hospitals and medical equipment. Despite all these efforts, the number of people who lost their lives in the earthquake has exceeded 35,000 as the 10th day of the earthquake has passed.
Seeing the disaster in the region in place helped me to gain more information. So what is happening in the earthquake zone?
48 hours after the earthquake, the magnitude of the incident was becoming more and more apparent with each passing minute. Since I had training in search and rescue and first aid, I applied to the Disaster and Emergency Management Presidency (AFAD) and requested to be voluntarily referred to the region. However, considering the situation AFAD was in and the intensity of the application, I decided to move to the region with my own means as soon as possible.
After arriving at Adana Airport on the evening of February 8, I visited the crisis desk created together with the State of Emergency. The earthquake, which hit 10 provinces, had rendered the airport runways in most disaster areas unusable. Therefore, all aid and rescue logistics were carried out through Adana Airport. Although the chaos in the region inevitably merged with the bureaucracy and caused congestion from time to time, the crisis desk management was trying to continue the shipment to the region as quickly as possible.
LATE ENTRY INTO THE REGION?
There are three important points to consider when answering this question.
First, coordination and planning: AFAD teams affiliated to the Ministry of Interior of the Republic of Türkiye do not seem to have fully implemented their joint work plans to enter a huge area on the first day of the incident.
The January 24, 2020 earthquake centered in Sivrice district of Elaz?? is important in terms of being an example of the successful implementation of the Integrated Disaster Management System, which initiates the successful response of institutions to disasters from the planning and preparation process and where plans are made according to the worst-case scenario.
The institutions and organizations that played a role in disaster response effectively carried out both response and recovery efforts after the 6.8-magnitude earthquake centered in Sivrice district of Elaz??.
The earthquake is an important test for the rapid reaction of institutions, the healthy coordination between one another and the smooth planning of emergency response.
AFAD, which is in charge of disaster management and coordination in Türkiye, carries out studies for a system that forms the superstructure in disaster preparedness. The system, in which planning, risk and mitigation-oriented activities are carried out, focusing not only on post-disaster but also on pre-disaster, is called Integrated Disaster Management System.
In Türkiye, which is in the earthquake zone and has witnessed many destructive earthquakes in its past, the Türkiye Disaster Response Plan (TAMP), which is the first plan on how to respond to a disaster within the system, was put into effect in 2014.
The plan, which includes ensuring healthy information flow during disasters, preventing incapacity in disaster management and inter-institutional coordination, assigns duties to 8 ministries, AFAD and Turkish Red Crescent in the activities of 28 working groups across the country.
Thanks to the TAMP, where the roles and responsibilities of the working groups and coordination units involved in the response are completely determined, ministries, general directorates and NGOs clearly know what to do and when in case of disaster. Under the Türkiye Disaster Response System, there are 81 Provincial Disaster Response Plans and Working Group Operation Plans under the TAMP. These plans cover the institutions responsible for the 28 nationwide and 26 provincial emergency services needed in disasters and emergencies.
However, the fact that such a scenario involving immediate access to 14 million people in 10 provinces with an earthquake centered in Kahramanmara? was insufficient, is closely related to both the conditions and the course of the situation in the region.
NOTES ON ISKENDERUN
?skenderun district, where I went for active search and rescue activities in the field, looked very different from the city I was in 6 months ago. In the northern part of the district where I entered, very few buildings were still standing in all the neighborhoods around the Naval Private Training Regiment and as I advanced to the south of the city, the destruction increased. With the TAMP plan, the aid from the surrounding cities seemed very limited in this case.
Here, it is necessary to consider the second point, logistics.
Hatay and ?skenderun are known to be the province and district most affected by the disaster in neighboring provinces. The logistical shortage and planning of the aid from the surrounding provinces would pave the way for late action in these provinces. For the land and airway problems in the northern parts, the southern area of ?skenderun, which is situated on the east coast line of the Mediterranean Sea, was receiving limited aid from the sea. Five warships belonging to the Turkish Naval Forces have taken on this task and have been actively carrying out their work with the field hospital established on the TCG Bayraktar.
According to the preliminary findings of the Ministry of Environment, Urbanization and Climate Change, 33,143 buildings in the region were demolished and severely damaged. The aid to be provided to a region of this size by land would suffer major disruptions when the road infrastructure in the region and the heavily damaged intercity roads are taken into consideration.
The third point is the dispatch of humanitarian aid and rescue teams to a region where so many buildings are ruined.
VOLUNTEERS AND PROFESSIONAL TEAMS
AKUT, GEA and, if not affected by the earthquake, local government rescue teams were among the first teams to start their work in the region after the earthquake. While the lack of enough teams to reach 33,000 wrecks shows that there is a big deficiency in the field, volunteer teams from all over Türkiye, who set off with their own means, played a great role in saving the citizens who were trapped in the wrecks with their diligent work at the end of the third day.
The volunteer team I took part in ?skenderun consisted of the Mountaineering Club from Mardin and carpenter workers from Manavgat. Members of the Mardin Mountaineering Club, which had previously taken part in the Elaz?? earthquake, intervened in the wreckage quickly and consciously. The team, which rescued 4 people from the heavily damaged building, also received help from other volunteers.
In Iskenderun, thousands of volunteers from Mersin, Mardin and Istanbul worked in cooperation with professional teams to heal the city's wounds.
On the other hand, since the first day I arrived in Iskenderun, soldiers from the Iskenderun Naval Recruit Training Regiment, Coast Guard Command personnel, commando units of the Gendarmerie Command, police and police special operations officers assigned from neighboring provinces, together with volunteer teams, have been active in the field and have rushed to the aid of the people of the region.
FOREIGN RESCUE TEAMS AND EFFORTS
Search and rescue teams from 80 countries also supported the citizens in the region and showed great heroism in their efforts.
The Ministry of Foreign Affairs of the Republic of Türkiye announced that there are 9,247 foreign personnel in the field, while the number of foreign personnel to arrive is 860.
The Swiss rescue team, which collaborated with AKUT and GEA in Iskenderun, made great efforts by taking part in numerous search and rescue efforts day and night.
Acting on the principle of "two states, one nation", Azerbaijan was one of the countries that sent aid and shipments to brotherly Türkiye in the fastest way, while neighboring Greece was in the field for days with all its means and took an active role in saving the lives of dozens of Turkish citizens.
In this disaster, where disagreements were put aside and humanity came to the fore, the Armenia-Türkiye border, which had been closed for years, was opened upon the Armenian government's offer for humanitarian aid, and even the Armenian government's aid was delivered to the region.
Another important country among these aids that the Turkish people will never forget is the People's Republic of China.
The Chinese teams, who came to Türkiye with a team of 290 experts, saved 9 lives in Ad?yaman, Kahramanmara? and Malatya, which are the provinces most affected by the earthquake. The Chinese teams, who conducted searches with advanced listening devices and cameras, left the region with the respect and love of the Turkish people. During their departure, emotional moments were experienced, and the message of "We are with you Turkiye" has gone down in history as the slogan of the reinforced friendship.
“WE ARE STRONGER TOGETHER”
The devastating impact of the earthquake is so great that it can only be understood after arriving in the area. For a rapid response to a vast geography, a plan for an earthquake that could hit 10 provinces at the same time should have been on the table earlier and drills and scenarios should have been ready. In disaster plans where such a catastrophe was not foreseen, the destructive effect of the earthquake could not damage a single element: Solidarity and unity. Together with all of Türkiye and our foreign friends who came to our aid, we are united against the devastation of the earthquake and stand more strongly.
Our next task should be to take lessons from this disaster and start preparations for a possible future earthquake in Istanbul. The number of citizens affected by the earthquake in 10 provinces in the disaster area was announced as 13 million. The fact that Istanbul alone is home to 20 million people is a precursor to the chaos that will occur in the future. In the event of an earthquake in Istanbul, making the structures resistant to an earthquake of magnitude 7 and above will also eliminate the risk of intervention in the large-scale disaster seen in the Kahramanmara? earthquake. According to a report by the Istanbul Metropolitan Municipality (IBB), over 263,000 buildings will collapse in a 7.5 magnitude earthquake. It should be taken into account that official and volunteer rescue teams, which have been insufficient for 33,000 buildings, will be helpless for 263,000 buildings. There is a fact that should not be forgotten in Türkiye, which is located in an earthquake zone and where urbanization is dense on active fault lines: Buildings kill, not earthquakes.
I wish God's mercy to all those who lost their lives in the earthquake and a speedy recovery to all the disaster victims.
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